﻿<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3c.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd">
<!-- saved from url=(0109)http://freebypass.net/index.php?hl=f5&q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby -->
<HTML lang=en dir=ltr xml:lang="en" 
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><HEAD><TITLE>Network News Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</TITLE>
<META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><LINK 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fsnivpba.vpb" 
rel="shortcut icon"><LINK 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fnccyr-gbhpu-vpba.cat" 
rel=apple-touch-icon><LINK title="Wikipedia (English)" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fbcrafrnepu_qrfp.cuc" 
type=application/opensearchdescription+xml rel=search><LINK 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjjj.tah.bet%2Fpbclyrsg%2Fsqy.ugzy" 
rel=copyright><LINK title="Wikipedia RSS Feed" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DFcrpvny%3AErpragpunatrf%26nzc%3Bsrrq%3Deff" 
type=application/rss+xml rel=alternate><LINK title="Wikipedia Atom Feed" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DFcrpvny%3AErpragpunatrf%26nzc%3Bsrrq%3Dngbz" 
type=application/atom+xml rel=alternate>
<STYLE type=text/css media="screen, projection">@import url( http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Ffxvaf-1.5%2Fpbzzba%2Ffunerq.pff%3F104 );
@import url( http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Ffxvaf-1.5%2Fzbabobbx%2Fznva.pff%3F104 );
</STYLE>
<LINK media=print 
href="Network News Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.files/commonPrint.css" 
type=text/css rel=stylesheet><!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import 'http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Ffxvaf-1.5%2Fzbabobbx%2FVR50Svkrf.pff%3F104';</style><![endif]--><!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import 'http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Ffxvaf-1.5%2Fzbabobbx%2FVR55Svkrf.pff%3F104';</style><![endif]--><!--[if IE 6]>
<STYLE type=text/css>@import url( http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Ffxvaf-1.5%2Fzbabobbx%2FVR60Svkrf.pff%3F104 );
</STYLE>
<![endif]--><!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import 'http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Ffxvaf-1.5%2Fzbabobbx%2FVR70Svkrf.pff%3F104';</style><![endif]--><!--[if lt IE 7]>
<SCRIPT 
src="Network News Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.files/IEFixes.js" 
type=text/javascript></SCRIPT>

<META http-equiv=imagetoolbar content=no><![endif]-->
<SCRIPT type=text/javascript>/*<![CDATA[*/
var skin = "monobook";
var stylepath = "/skins-1.5";
var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1";
var wgScriptPath = "/w";
var wgScript = "/w/index.php";
var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org";
var wgCanonicalNamespace = "";
var wgCanonicalSpecialPageName = false;
var wgNamespaceNumber = 0;
var wgPageName = "Network_News_Transfer_Protocol";
var wgTitle = "Network News Transfer Protocol";
var wgAction = "view";
var wgRestrictionEdit = [];
var wgRestrictionMove = [];
var wgArticleId = "173004";
var wgIsArticle = true;
var wgUserName = null;
var wgUserGroups = null;
var wgUserLanguage = "en";
var wgContentLanguage = "en";
var wgBreakFrames = false;
var wgCurRevisionId = "181220062";
var wgVersion = "1.12alpha";
var wgEnableAPI = true;
var wgEnableWriteAPI = false;
/*]]>*/</SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT 
src="Network News Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.files/wikibits.js" 
type=text/javascript><!-- wikibits js --></SCRIPT>
<!-- Head Scripts -->
<SCRIPT 
src="Network News Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.files/ajax.js" 
type=text/javascript></SCRIPT>

<SCRIPT 
src="Network News Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.files/index.php" 
type=text/javascript><!-- site js --></SCRIPT>

<STYLE type=text/css>@import url( http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DZrqvnJvxv%3APbzzba.pff%26hfrzftpnpur%3Dlrf%26npgvba%3Denj%26pglcr%3Dgrkg%2Fpff%26fznkntr%3D2678400 );
@import url( http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DZrqvnJvxv%3AZbabobbx.pff%26hfrzftpnpur%3Dlrf%26npgvba%3Denj%26pglcr%3Dgrkg%2Fpff%26fznkntr%3D2678400 );
@import url( http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3D-%26npgvba%3Denj%26tra%3Dpff%26znkntr%3D2678400 );
</STYLE>

<META content="MSHTML 6.00.2900.3243" name=GENERATOR></HEAD>
<BODY class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-Network_News_Transfer_Protocol">
<DIV id=globalWrapper>
<DIV id=column-content>
<DIV id=content><A id=top name=top></A>
<H1 class=firstHeading>Network News Transfer Protocol</H1>
<DIV id=bodyContent>
<H3 id=siteSub>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</H3>
<DIV id=contentSub></DIV>
<DIV id=jump-to-nav>Jump to: <A 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?hl=f5&amp;q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby#column-one">navigation</A>, 
<A 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?hl=f5&amp;q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby#searchInput">search</A></DIV><!-- start content -->
<TABLE class=infobox style="WIDTH: 17em">
  <TBODY>
  <TR style="BACKGROUND: #aaddbb" align=middle>
    <TD><B><A title="TCP/IP model" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGPC%2FVC_zbqry">The 
      five-layer TCP/IP model</A></B></TD></TR>
  <TR style="BACKGROUND: #ccffcc">
    <TD><B>5.&nbsp;<A title="Application layer" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FNccyvpngvba_ynlre">Application 
      layer</A></B></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>
      <P><A title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FQlanzvp_Ubfg_Pbasvthengvba_Cebgbpby">DHCP</A> 
      · <A title="Domain name system" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FQbznva_anzr_flfgrz">DNS</A> 
      · <A title="File Transfer Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FSvyr_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">FTP</A> 
      · <A title="Gopher (protocol)" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FTbcure_%2528cebgbpby%2529">Gopher</A> 
      · <A title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FUlcregrkg_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">HTTP</A> 
      · <A title="Internet Message Access Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVagrearg_Zrffntr_Npprff_Cebgbpby">IMAP4</A> 
      · <A title="Internet Relay Chat" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVagrearg_Erynl_Pung">IRC</A> 
      · <STRONG class=selflink>NNTP</STRONG> · <A 
      title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FRkgrafvoyr_Zrffntvat_naq_Cerfrapr_Cebgbpby">XMPP</A> 
      · <A title="Post Office Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCbfg_Bssvpr_Cebgbpby">POP3</A> 
      · <A title="Session Initiation Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFrffvba_Vavgvngvba_Cebgbpby">SIP</A> 
      · <A title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFvzcyr_Znvy_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">SMTP</A> 
      · <A title="Simple Network Management Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFvzcyr_Argjbex_Znantrzrag_Cebgbpby">SNMP</A> 
      · <A title="Secure Shell" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFrpher_Furyy">SSH</A> 
      · <A title=TELNET 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGRYARG">TELNET</A> 
      · <A title="Remote procedure call" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FErzbgr_cebprqher_pnyy">RPC</A> 
      · <A title="Real time control protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FErny_gvzr_pbageby_cebgbpby">RTCP</A> 
      · <A title="Real Time Streaming Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FErny_Gvzr_Fgernzvat_Cebgbpby">RTSP</A> 
      · <A title="Transport Layer Security" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGenafcbeg_Ynlre_Frphevgl">TLS</A> 
      · <A title="Session Description Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFrffvba_Qrfpevcgvba_Cebgbpby">SDP</A> 
      · <A title=SOAP 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFBNC">SOAP</A> 
      · <A title="GPRS Tunnelling Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FTCEF_Ghaaryyvat_Cebgbpby">GTP</A> 
      · <A title="Simple traversal of UDP over NATs" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFvzcyr_genirefny_bs_HQC_bire_ANGf">STUN</A> 
      · <A title="Network Time Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Gvzr_Cebgbpby">NTP</A> 
      · <A title="Category:Application layer protocols" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPngrtbel%3ANccyvpngvba_ynlre_cebgbpbyf">(more)</A></P></TD></TR>
  <TR style="BACKGROUND: #ccffcc">
    <TD><B>4.&nbsp;<A title="Transport layer" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGenafcbeg_ynlre">Transport 
      layer</A></B></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD><A title="Transmission Control Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGenafzvffvba_Pbageby_Cebgbpby">TCP</A> 
      · <A title="User Datagram Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FHfre_Qngntenz_Cebgbpby">UDP</A> 
      · <A title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FQngntenz_Pbatrfgvba_Pbageby_Cebgbpby">DCCP</A> 
      · <A title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFgernz_Pbageby_Genafzvffvba_Cebgbpby">SCTP</A> 
      · <A title="Real-time Transport Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FErny-gvzr_Genafcbeg_Cebgbpby">RTP</A> 
      · <A title="Resource reservation protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FErfbhepr_erfreingvba_cebgbpby">RSVP</A> 
      · <A title="Internet Group Management Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVagrearg_Tebhc_Znantrzrag_Cebgbpby">IGMP</A> 
      · <A title="Category:Transport layer protocols" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPngrtbel%3AGenafcbeg_ynlre_cebgbpbyf">(more)</A></TD></TR>
  <TR style="BACKGROUND: #ccffcc">
    <TD><B>3.&nbsp;<A title="Network layer" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_ynlre">Network/Internet 
      layer</A></B></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD><A title="Internet Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVagrearg_Cebgbpby">IP</A> 
      (<A title=IPv4 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVCi4">IPv4</A> 
      · <A title=IPv6 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVCi6">IPv6</A>) 
      · <A title="Open Shortest Path First" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FBcra_Fubegrfg_Cngu_Svefg">OSPF</A> 
      · <A title=IS-IS 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVF-VF">IS-IS</A> 
      · <A title="Border Gateway Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FObeqre_Tngrjnl_Cebgbpby">BGP</A> 
      · <A title=IPsec 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVCfrp">IPsec</A> 
      · <A title="Address Resolution Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FNqqerff_Erfbyhgvba_Cebgbpby">ARP</A> 
      · <A title="Reverse Address Resolution Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FErirefr_Nqqerff_Erfbyhgvba_Cebgbpby">RARP</A> 
      · <A title="Routing Information Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FEbhgvat_Vasbezngvba_Cebgbpby">RIP</A> 
      · <A title="Internet Control Message Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVagrearg_Pbageby_Zrffntr_Cebgbpby">ICMP</A> 
      · <A title=ICMPv6 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVPZCi6">ICMPv6</A> 
      · <A title="Category:Network layer protocols" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPngrtbel%3AArgjbex_ynlre_cebgbpbyf">(more)</A></TD></TR>
  <TR style="BACKGROUND: #ccffcc">
    <TD><B>2.&nbsp;<A title="Data link layer" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FQngn_yvax_ynlre">Data 
      link layer</A></B></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD><A title="IEEE 802.11" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVRRR_802.11">802.11 
      (WLAN)</A> · <A title="IEEE 802.16" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVRRR_802.16">802.16</A> 
      · <A title=Wi-Fi 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJv-Sv">Wi-Fi</A> 
      · <A title=WiMAX 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJvZNK">WiMAX</A> 
      · <A title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FNflapuebabhf_Genafsre_Zbqr">ATM</A> 
      · <A title="Dynamic synchronous Transfer Mode" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FQlanzvp_flapuebabhf_Genafsre_Zbqr">DTM</A> 
      · <A title="Token ring" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGbxra_evat">Token 
      ring</A> · <A title=Ethernet 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FRgurearg">Ethernet</A> 
      · <A title="Fiber distributed data interface" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FSvore_qvfgevohgrq_qngn_vagresnpr">FDDI</A> 
      · <A title="Frame relay" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FSenzr_erynl">Frame 
      Relay</A> · <A title="General Packet Radio Service" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FTrareny_Cnpxrg_Enqvb_Freivpr">GPRS</A> 
      · <A title="Evolution-Data Optimized" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FRibyhgvba-Qngn_Bcgvzvmrq">EVDO</A> 
      · <A title="High-Speed Packet Access" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FUvtu-Fcrrq_Cnpxrg_Npprff">HSPA</A> 
      · <A title="High-Level Data Link Control" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FUvtu-Yriry_Qngn_Yvax_Pbageby">HDLC</A> 
      · <A title="Point-to-Point Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCbvag-gb-Cbvag_Cebgbpby">PPP</A> 
      · <A title="Point-to-point tunneling protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCbvag-gb-cbvag_ghaaryvat_cebgbpby">PPTP</A> 
      · <A title="Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FYnlre_2_Ghaaryvat_Cebgbpby">L2TP</A> 
      · <A title="Integrated Services Digital Network" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVagrtengrq_Freivprf_Qvtvgny_Argjbex">ISDN</A> 
      · <A title=ARCnet 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FNEParg">ARCnet</A> 
      · <A title="Category:Link protocols" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPngrtbel%3AYvax_cebgbpbyf">(more)</A></TD></TR>
  <TR style="BACKGROUND: #ccffcc">
    <TD><B>1.&nbsp;<A title="Physical layer" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCulfvpny_ynlre">Physical 
      layer</A></B></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD><A title="Ethernet physical layer" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FRgurearg_culfvpny_ynlre">Ethernet 
      physical layer</A> · <A title=Modem 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FZbqrz">Modems</A> 
      · <A title="Power line communication" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCbjre_yvar_pbzzhavpngvba">PLC</A> 
      · <A title="Synchronous optical networking" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFlapuebabhf_bcgvpny_argjbexvat">SONET/SDH</A> 
      · <A title=G.709 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FT.709">G.709</A> 
      · <A title="Optical fiber" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FBcgvpny_svore">Optical 
      fiber</A> · <A title="Coaxial cable" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPbnkvny_pnoyr">Coaxial 
      cable</A> · <A title="Twisted pair" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGjvfgrq_cnve">Twisted 
      pair</A> · <A title="Category:Physical layer protocols" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPngrtbel%3ACulfvpny_ynlre_cebgbpbyf">(more)</A></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD align=middle>
      <DIV class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" 
      style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: xx-small; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent">This 
      box:&nbsp;<A title=Template:IPstack 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGrzcyngr%3AVCfgnpx"><SPAN 
      title="View this template">view</SPAN></A>&nbsp;<SPAN 
      style="FONT-SIZE: 80%">•</SPAN>&nbsp;<A title="Template talk:IPstack" 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGrzcyngr_gnyx%3AVCfgnpx"><SPAN 
      title="Discussion about this template" 
      style="COLOR: #002bb8">talk</SPAN></A>&nbsp;<SPAN 
      style="FONT-SIZE: 80%">•</SPAN>&nbsp;<A class="external text" 
      title=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:IPstack&amp;action=edit 
      href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DGrzcyngr%3AVCfgnpx%26nzc%3Bnpgvba%3Drqvg" 
      rel=nofollow><SPAN 
      title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving." 
      style="COLOR: #002bb8">edit</SPAN></A></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The <B>Network News Transfer Protocol</B> or <B>NNTP</B> is an <A 
title=Internet 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVagrearg">Internet</A> 
application <A title="Protocol (computing)" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCebgbpby_%2528pbzchgvat%2529">protocol</A> 
used primarily for reading and posting <A title=Usenet 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FHfrarg">Usenet</A> 
articles (aka netnews), as well as transferring news among <A 
title="News server" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArjf_freire">news 
servers</A>. Brian Kantor of the <A title="University of California, San Diego" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FHavirefvgl_bs_Pnyvsbeavn%252P_Fna_Qvrtb">University 
of California, San Diego</A> and <A title="Phil Lapsley" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCuvy_Yncfyrl">Phil 
Lapsley</A> of the <A title="University of California, Berkeley" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FHavirefvgl_bs_Pnyvsbeavn%252P_Orexryrl">University 
of California, Berkeley</A> completed <A class=external 
title=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fgbbyf.vrgs.bet%2Fugzy%2Fesp977">RFC 
977</A>, the specification for the Network News Transfer Protocol, in March <A 
title=1986 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2F1986">1986</A>. 
Other contributors included <A class=new title="Stan Barber" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DFgna_Oneore%26nzc%3Bnpgvba%3Drqvg">Stan 
Barber</A> from the <A title="Baylor College of Medicine" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FOnlybe_Pbyyrtr_bs_Zrqvpvar">Baylor 
College of Medicine</A> and <A class=new title="Erik Fair" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DRevx_Snve%26nzc%3Bnpgvba%3Drqvg">Erik 
Fair</A> of <A title="Apple Computer" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FNccyr_Pbzchgre">Apple 
Computer</A>.</P>
<P>Usenet was originally designed around the <A title=UUCP 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FHHPC">UUCP</A> 
network, with most article transfers taking place over direct 
computer-to-computer telephone links. Readers and posters would log into the 
same computers that hosted the servers, reading the articles directly from the 
local disk.</P>
<P>As <A title="Local area network" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FYbpny_nern_argjbex">local 
area networks</A> and the <A title=Internet 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVagrearg">Internet</A> 
became more commonly used, it became desirable to allow <A title="News client" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArjf_pyvrag">newsreaders</A> 
to be run on personal computers, and a means of employing the Internet to handle 
article transfers was desired. A newsreader, also known as a news client, is an 
application software that reads articles on Usenet (generally known as 
newsgroup), either directly from the news server's disks or via the NNTP.</P>
<P>Because networked Internet-compatible filesystems were not yet widely 
available, it was decided to develop a new protocol that resembled <A title=SMTP 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFZGC">SMTP</A>, 
but was tailored for reading <A title=Newsgroup 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArjftebhc">newsgroups</A>.</P>
<P>The <A title="List of well-known ports (computing)" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FYvfg_bs_jryy-xabja_cbegf_%2528pbzchgvat%2529">well-known 
TCP port</A> 119 is reserved for NNTP. When clients connect to a news server 
with <A title="Transport Layer Security" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGenafcbeg_Ynlre_Frphevgl">SSL</A>, 
TCP port 563 is used. This is sometimes referred to as <B>NNTPS</B>.</P>
<P>In October <A title=2006 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2F2006">2006</A>, 
the IETF released <A class=external title=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fgbbyf.vrgs.bet%2Fugzy%2Fesp3977">RFC 
3977</A> which updates the NNTP protocol and codifies many of the additions made 
over the years since <A class=external title=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fgbbyf.vrgs.bet%2Fugzy%2Fesp977">RFC 
977</A>. The <A title=IMAP 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVZNC">IMAP</A> 
protocol can also be used for reading newsgroups.</P>
<P><A id=Network_News_Reader_Protocol name=Network_News_Reader_Protocol></A></P>
<H3><SPAN class=editsection>[<A 
title="Edit section: Network News Reader Protocol" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby%26nzc%3Bnpgvba%3Drqvg%26nzc%3Bfrpgvba%3D1">edit</A>]</SPAN> 
<SPAN class=mw-headline>Network News Reader Protocol</SPAN></H3>
<P>During an abortive attempt to update the NNTP standard in the early 1990s, a 
specialized form of NNTP intended specifically for use by clients, NNRP, was 
proposed. This protocol was never completed or fully implemented, but the name 
persisted in <A title=InterNetNews 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FVagreArgArjf">INN</A>'s 
<I>nnrpd</I> program. As a result, the subset of standard NNTP commands useful 
to clients is sometimes still referred to as "NNRP".</P>
<P><A id=External_links name=External_links></A></P>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: External links" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby%26nzc%3Bnpgvba%3Drqvg%26nzc%3Bfrpgvba%3D2">edit</A>]</SPAN> 
<SPAN class=mw-headline>External links</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
  <LI>Kantor, Brian and Phil Lapsley. <A class=external 
  title=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc977 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fgbbyf.vrgs.bet%2Fugzy%2Fesp977">RFC 
  977</A> "Network News Transfer Protocol: A Proposed Standard for the 
  Stream-Based Transmission of News." <A title=1986 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2F1986">1986</A>. 

  <LI>Horton, Mark, and R. Adams. <A class=external 
  title=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1036 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fgbbyf.vrgs.bet%2Fugzy%2Fesp1036">RFC 
  1036</A> "Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages." <A title=1987 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2F1987">1987</A>. 

  <LI><A class="external text" 
  title=http://www.academ.com/academ/nntp/ietf/1996-July/000022.html 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjjj.npnqrz.pbz%2Fnpnqrz%2Faagc%2Fvrgs%2F1996-Whyl%2F000022.ugzy" 
  rel=nofollow>NNTP Version 2 draft</A> an early, abandoned attempt to revise 
  NNTP 
  <LI>Barber, Stan, et al. <A class=external 
  title=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2980 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fgbbyf.vrgs.bet%2Fugzy%2Fesp2980">RFC 
  2980</A> "Common NNTP Extensions." <A title=2000 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2F2000">2000</A> 

  <LI><A class="external text" title=http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/nntp/ietf.html 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjjj.rlevr.bet%2F%7Erntyr%2Faagc%2Fvrgs.ugzy" 
  rel=nofollow>IETF nntpext Working Group</A> 
  <LI>Feather, Clive. <A class=external title=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3977 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fgbbyf.vrgs.bet%2Fugzy%2Fesp3977">RFC 
  3977</A> "Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)." <A title=2006 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2F2006">2006</A> 

  <LI><A class="external text" 
  title=http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Internet/Servers/Usenet/ 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjjj.qzbm.bet%2FPbzchgref%2FFbsgjner%2FVagrearg%2FFreiref%2FHfrarg%2F" 
  rel=nofollow>Usenet servers</A> at the <A title="Open Directory Project" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FBcra_Qverpgbel_Cebwrpg">Open 
  Directory Project</A> 
  <LI><A class="external text" 
  title=http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Usenet/Public_News_Servers/ 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjjj.qzbm.bet%2FPbzchgref%2FHfrarg%2FChoyvp_Arjf_Freiref%2F" 
  rel=nofollow>Public News Servers</A> at the <A title="Open Directory Project" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FBcra_Qverpgbel_Cebwrpg">Open 
  Directory Project</A> </LI></UL><!-- 
Pre-expand include size: 7914/2048000 bytes
Post-expand include size: 6177/2048000 bytes
Template argument size: 340/2048000 bytes
#ifexist count: 0/500
--><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:173004-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20080118193745 -->
<DIV class=printfooter>Retrieved from "<A 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby</A>"</DIV>
<DIV id=catlinks>
<P class=catlinks><A title=Special:Categories 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFcrpvny%3APngrtbevrf">Categories</A>: 
<SPAN dir=ltr><A title="Category:Internet protocols" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPngrtbel%3AVagrearg_cebgbpbyf">Internet 
protocols</A></SPAN> | <SPAN dir=ltr><A title="Category:Internet standards" 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPngrtbel%3AVagrearg_fgnaqneqf">Internet 
standards</A></SPAN> | <SPAN dir=ltr><A title=Category:Usenet 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPngrtbel%3AHfrarg">Usenet</A></SPAN></P></DIV><!-- end content -->
<DIV class=visualClear></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=column-one>
<DIV class=portlet id=p-cactions>
<H5>Views</H5>
<DIV class=pBody>
<UL>
  <LI class=selected id=ca-nstab-main><A title="View the content page [c]" 
  accessKey=c 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Article</A> 

  <LI id=ca-talk><A title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accessKey=t 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FGnyx%3AArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Discussion</A> 

  <LI id=ca-edit><A 
  title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving. [e]" 
  accessKey=e 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby%26nzc%3Bnpgvba%3Drqvg">Edit 
  this page</A> 
  <LI id=ca-history><A title="Past versions of this page [h]" accessKey=h 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby%26nzc%3Bnpgvba%3Duvfgbel">History</A> 
  </LI></UL></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=portlet id=p-personal>
<H5>Personal tools</H5>
<DIV class=pBody>
<UL>
  <LI id=pt-login><A 
  title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory. [o]" 
  accessKey=o 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DFcrpvny%3AHfreybtva%26nzc%3Bergheagb%3DArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Sign 
  in / create account</A> </LI></UL></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=portlet id=p-logo><A title="Visit the main page [z]" 
style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fvzntrf%2Fjvxv-ra.cat)" 
accessKey=z 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FZnva_Cntr"></A></DIV>
<SCRIPT type=text/javascript> if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); </SCRIPT>

<DIV class=portlet id=p-navigation>
<H5>Navigation</H5>
<DIV class=pBody>
<UL>
  <LI id=n-mainpage><A title="Visit the main page [z]" accessKey=z 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FZnva_Cntr">Main 
  Page</A> 
  <LI id=n-Contents><A title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCbegny%3APbagragf">Contents</A> 

  <LI id=n-featuredcontent><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCbegny%3ASrngherq_pbagrag">Featured 
  content</A> 
  <LI id=n-currentevents><A 
  title="Find background information on current events" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCbegny%3APheerag_riragf">Current 
  events</A> 
  <LI id=n-randompage><A title="Load a random article [x]" accessKey=x 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFcrpvny%3AEnaqbz">Random 
  article</A> </LI></UL></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=portlet id=p-interaction>
<H5>interaction</H5>
<DIV class=pBody>
<UL>
  <LI id=n-About-Wikipedia><A title="Find out about Wikipedia" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJvxvcrqvn%3ANobhg">About 
  Wikipedia</A> 
  <LI id=n-portal><A 
  title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJvxvcrqvn%3APbzzhavgl_Cbegny">Community 
  portal</A> 
  <LI id=n-recentchanges><A title="The list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" 
  accessKey=r 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFcrpvny%3AErpragpunatrf">Recent 
  changes</A> 
  <LI id=n-contact><A title="How to contact Wikipedia" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJvxvcrqvn%3APbagnpg_hf">Contact 
  Wikipedia</A> 
  <LI id=n-sitesupport><A title="Support us" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjvxvzrqvnsbhaqngvba.bet%2Fjvxv%2FQbangr">Donate 
  to Wikipedia</A> 
  <LI id=n-help><A title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FUryc%3APbagragf">Help</A> 
  </LI></UL></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=portlet id=p-search>
<H5><LABEL for=searchInput>Search</LABEL></H5>
<DIV class=pBody id=searchBody>
<FORM id=searchform action=""><INPUT type=hidden 
value=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFcrpvny%3AFrnepu name=____pgfa>
<DIV><INPUT id=searchInput title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accessKey=f name=search> 
<INPUT class=searchButton id=searchGoButton title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" type=submit value=Go name=go>&nbsp; 
<INPUT class=searchButton id=mw-searchButton title="Search the wiki for this text" type=submit value=Search name=fulltext> 
</DIV></FORM></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=portlet id=p-tb>
<H5>Toolbox</H5>
<DIV class=pBody>
<UL>
  <LI id=t-whatlinkshere><A 
  title="List of all English Wikipedia pages that link here [j]" accessKey=j 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFcrpvny%3AJungyvaxfurer%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">What 
  links here</A> 
  <LI id=t-recentchangeslinked><A 
  title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accessKey=k 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFcrpvny%3AErpragpunatrfyvaxrq%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Related 
  changes</A> 
  <LI id=t-upload><A title="Upload images or media files [u]" accessKey=u 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJvxvcrqvn%3AHcybnq">Upload 
  file</A> 
  <LI id=t-specialpages><A title="List of all special pages [q]" accessKey=q 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FFcrpvny%3AFcrpvnycntrf">Special 
  pages</A> 
  <LI id=t-print><A title="Printable version of this page [p]" accessKey=p 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby%26nzc%3Bcevagnoyr%3Dlrf">Printable 
  version</A> 
  <LI id=t-permalink><A title="Permanent link to this version of the page" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby%26nzc%3Bbyqvq%3D181220062">Permanent 
  link</A>
  <LI id=t-cite><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fj%2Fvaqrk.cuc%3Fgvgyr%3DFcrpvny%3APvgr%26nzc%3Bcntr%3DArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby%26nzc%3Bvq%3D181220062">Cite 
  this page</A> </LI></UL></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=portlet id=p-lang>
<H5>Languages</H5>
<DIV class=pBody>
<UL>
  <LI class=interwiki-bg><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fot.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAAGC">Български</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-cs><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fpf.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Česky</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-da><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fqn.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Dansk</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-de><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fqr.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Deutsch</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-es><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Frf.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafcbeg_Cebgbpby">Español</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-eo><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Frb.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAAGC">Esperanto</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-eu><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Frh.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafcbeg_Cebgbpby">Euskara</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-fr><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fse.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Français</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-it><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fvg.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Italiano</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-he><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fur.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">עברית</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-lt><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fyg.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAAGC">Lietuvių</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-nl><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fay.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Nederlands</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-ja><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fwn.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">日本語</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-no><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fab.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAAGC">‪Norsk 
  (bokmål)‬</A> 
  <LI class=interwiki-pl><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fcy.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Polski</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-pt><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fcg.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAAGC">Português</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-ru><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Feh.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAAGC">Русский</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-sk><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Ffx.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Slovenčina</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-fi><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fsv.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAAGC">Suomi</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-sv><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Ffi.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Svenska</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-th><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fgu.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">ไทย</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-tr><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fge.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FArgjbex_Arjf_Genafsre_Cebgbpby">Türkçe</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-uk><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fhx.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAAGC">Українська</A> 

  <LI class=interwiki-zh><A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fmu.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAAGC">中文</A> 
  </LI></UL></DIV></DIV></DIV><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column -->
<DIV class=visualClear></DIV>
<DIV id=footer>
<DIV id=f-poweredbyico><A 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjjj.zrqvnjvxv.bet%2F"><IMG 
alt="Powered by MediaWiki" 
src="Network News Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.files/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png"></A></DIV>
<DIV id=f-copyrightico><A 
href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjvxvzrqvnsbhaqngvba.bet%2F"><IMG 
alt="Wikimedia Foundation" 
src="Network News Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.files/wikimedia-button.png" 
border=0></A></DIV>
<UL id=f-list>
  <LI id=lastmod>This page was last modified 17:32, 31 December 2007. 
  <LI id=copyright>All text is available under the terms of the <A 
  class=internal title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJvxvcrqvn%3AGrkg_bs_gur_TAH_Serr_Qbphzragngvba_Yvprafr">GNU 
  Free Documentation License</A>. (See <B><A class=internal 
  title=Wikipedia:Copyrights 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJvxvcrqvn%3APbclevtugf">Copyrights</A></B> 
  for details.) <BR>Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjjj.jvxvzrqvnsbhaqngvba.bet">Wikimedia 
  Foundation, Inc</A>., a U.S. registered <A class=internal title=501(c)(3) 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2F501%2528p%2529%23501.28p.29.283.29#501.28c.29.283.29">501(c)(3)</A> 
  <A 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjvxvzrqvnsbhaqngvba.bet%2Fjvxv%2FQrqhpgvovyvgl_bs_qbangvbaf">tax-deductible</A> 
  <A class=internal title="Non-profit organization" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FAba-cebsvg_betnavmngvba">nonprofit</A> 
  <A title="Charitable organization" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FPunevgnoyr_betnavmngvba">charity</A>.<BR>
  <LI id=privacy><A title="wikimedia:Privacy policy" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fjvxvzrqvnsbhaqngvba.bet%2Fjvxv%2FCevinpl_cbyvpl">Privacy 
  policy</A> 
  <LI id=about><A title=Wikipedia:About 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJvxvcrqvn%3ANobhg">About 
  Wikipedia</A> 
  <LI id=disclaimer><A title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer" 
  href="http://freebypass.net/index.php?q=uggc%3A%2F%2Fra.jvxvcrqvn.bet%2Fjvxv%2FJvxvcrqvn%3ATrareny_qvfpynvzre">Disclaimers</A> 
  </LI></UL></DIV>
<SCRIPT type=text/javascript>if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</SCRIPT>
</DIV><!-- Served by srv182 in 0.041 secs. --></BODY></HTML>
